Morphometric analysis of temporomandibular joint using cone beam computed tomography

The morphometric analysis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides valuable insights into joint morphology and potential sex-based variations, which are critical for clinical and forensic applications. Seventy subjects (35 males, 35 females) aged from 18 to 30 years underwent CBCT imaging. Mandibular fossa and condylar morphology were classified qualitatively. Quantitative measurements included three linear parameters (distance from posterior fossa to articular eminence apex, vertical distance from fossa roof to articular eminence apex, and distance between intermediate point and apex of articular eminence) and one angular parameter. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results revealed no significant gender differences in qualitative classifications of mandibular fossa and condyle. Morphological features predominantly included round fossa (60-64%) and flattened condyles (40-52%). Notably, significant sexual dimorphism emerged in the vertical distance from fossa roof to articular eminence apex and articular eminence angle, with males consistently demonstrating larger measurements. Statistical significance was observed bilaterally, with p-values ranging from 0.001 to 0.033 for these parameters. The findings underscore that, while qualitative TMJ morphological classifications do not show gender predilection, specific quantitative morphometric parameters exhibit meaningful sexual dimorphism. These population-specific reference data hold substantial potential for advancing TMJ disorder diagnosis and for supporting forensic identification procedures, offering a nuanced understanding of joint structural variations across sexes.