TY  - JOUR
A1  - ,  
T1  - Brain sexual development in Kallmann syndrome
JO  - Eur. J. Anat.
SN  - 1136-4890
Y1  - 2016
VL  - 20
SP  - 113
EP  - 120
UR  - http://www.eurjanat.com/web/paper.php?id=150382ac
KW  - Encephalic sexual maturation
KW  - Main and accessory olfactory systems
KW  - Kallmann syndrome
KW  - Sexual behaviour 
N2  - Prenatal and one-two month postnatal testosterone influences human neural and behavioural development, since the prenatal and one-two month postnatal hormone environment clearly contributes to the development of sex-related variation in human behaviour, and plays a role in the development of the sexual brain and individual differences in behaviour within each sex, as well as differences between the sexes. Olfactory system development, brain sexual maturation and sexual behaviour in man and animals are closely related. Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder which combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Hypogonadism is characterized by the absence or reduced levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and anosmia is due to aplasia of the olfactory bulb. The overlap between the formation of the olfactory system and the migration of neurons that synthesize the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is common knowledge. GnRH neurons migrate from the medial portion of the nasal epithelium through the olfactory nerves and the main olfactory bulb to the anterior hypothalamus. Furthermore, the clinical manifestations of KS are: anosmia, the absence of puberty, and modifications in sexual behaviour. The structures responsible for the maturation of the main and accessory olfactory systems, the sexual differentiation of the brain and its relationship with clinical manifestations and sexual behaviour in Kallmann syndrome are analyzed in this review. The importance of the treatment of KS at early ages is suggested in order to improve brain sexual development and its clinical and sexual behaviour manifestations.
ER  -