TY  - JOUR
A1  - ,  
T1  - The �??Angle of Louis�?�
JO  - Eur. J. Anat.
SN  - 1136-4890
Y1  - 2013
VL  - 17
SP  - 190
EP  - 192
UR  - http://www.eurjanat.com/web/paper.php?id=130056ld
KW  - Angle of Louis
KW  - Medical Eponyms
KW  - Origin
KW  - Etymology
KW  - Anatomical landmark
KW  - Historical
N2  - The 'angle of Louis' is a well-known anatomical landmark. Formed by the junction between the manubrium and sternal body, it marks the level of the 2nd rib and defines the boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum. Despite our familiarity with this angle, there remains confusion over the eponym. This is reflected by the variations of the name in the literature - Louis, Ludovici, Ludovicus, Ludwick and Ludwig - and the different people it has been attributed to. Sources have referenced the French clinician Antoine Louis, the French surgeon Alexandre Louis and the German physician Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig. Interestingly on investigating these potential candidates we found no formal description of the sternal angle in their writings. Pierre Alexandre comes closest however, when he describes a �??prominence�?? in the upper part of the chest which he relates to severe emphysema. We propose that the sternal angle was named in honour of Pierre Alexandre, although he did not himself characterise it as an anatomical landmark.
ER  -