TY  - JOUR
A1  - ,  
T1  - All-trans-retinoic acid-induced disturbance of forelimb digital apeptosis in mouse embryos: A preliminary scanning electron microscope (SEM) tudy
JO  - Eur. J. Anat.
SN  - 1136-4890
Y1  - 2008
VL  - 12
SP  - 25
EP  - 32
UR  - http://www.eurjanat.com/web/paper.php?id=08010025
KW  - corn oil
KW  - retinoic acid
KW  - animal experiment
KW  - animal model
KW  - apoptosis
KW  - article
KW  - Bagg albino mouse
KW  - brachydactyly
KW  - cell death
KW  - controlled study
KW  - drug efficacy
KW  - embryo
KW  - finger malformation
KW  - gestational age
KW  - limb defect
KW  - limb development
KW  - micromelia
KW  - mouse
KW  - nonhuman
KW  - outcome assessment
KW  - scanning electrochemical microscopy
KW  - syndactyly
KW  - teratogenicity
N2  - Retinoids have been widely discussed in recent years as being able to induce a spectrum of malformations that include limb defects and digit malformations, where perturbation of cell death regulation is an important teratogenic mechanism. The present study assesses the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) on forelimb digit development in mouse embryos. Pregnant Balb/c mice received retinoic acid by gastric intubation as follows: Group 1 (n = 5) at 100 mg/kg on gestational days 11 and 12; Group 2 (n = 5) at 50 mg/kg on gestational days 10, 11 and 12. Control animals, Group 3 and 4 (n = 5/group) were treated on gestational days 10, 11 and 12 with corn oil vehicle (Group 3) or were non treated (Group 4) respectively. The mice were euthanized on gestational day 18. Embryos exposed to retinoic acid (R.A.) develop micromelia and oligodactyly in combination with brachydactyly and syndactyly. Apoptosis was incomplete between the digits, and atypical lateral ectodermal ridges were found. The observations were most striking in the embryos of Group 2 treated for three days. No abnormalities were noted in the embryos of either control group.
ER  -